大连医科大学附属第一医院B4P帝国网站管理系统
杨明晖 张荣峰 夏云龙B4P帝国网站管理系统
编者按:伊布替尼是一种新型有效的治疗血液系统肿瘤的靶向口服药物,但伊布替尼介导的心房颤动发生率较高,发生机制尚未完全阐明,且伊布替尼与多种抗心律失常药物和抗凝药物之间存在相互作用,影响伊布替尼在临床中的应用。因此,更好地认识伊布替尼介导房颤的发病机制,制定合适的临床管理策略,进行早期预防监测并及早干预,对改善此类患者的预后具有重要意义。B4P帝国网站管理系统
伊布替尼(Ibrutinib)是一种新的、有效的Bruton酪氨酸蛋白激酶(BTK)抑制剂[1]。2013-2017年,美国FDA相继批准伊布替尼作为治疗慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)、Waldenstrom巨球蛋白血症(WM)、边缘区淋巴瘤及慢性粒细胞白血病(MCL)的一线用药。伊布替尼治疗CLL和MCL,可显著延长生存期,提高患者生活质量,且越早接受伊布替尼治疗带来的获益越多[2-3],成为治疗CLL和MCL的明星药物。
使用伊布替尼治疗过程中心律失常的发生率显著增加,是导致部分患者停药的主要原因之一[4]。尤其是以心房颤动(Atrial Fibrillation)发生率最高,肿瘤患者中新发房颤是导致心衰、血栓栓塞事件增加的独立危险因素,与不良预后显著相关,应予以重视[5]。然而伊布替尼相关性房颤的发生机制尚不明确,临床处理策略缺乏相关经验与循证医学证据,是伊布替尼治疗血液系统肿瘤的难点。
普通人群房颤发生率在1.5-2%之间,随着年龄的增加逐渐升高,>80岁高龄人群中发病率可高达10%。我们汇总了伊布替尼相关的16个临床研究,共2166例患者,平均年龄为66.4岁,随访18.32个月,190例患者出现新发房颤,发生率为8.15%,最高可达16%(表1),换算为年化发病率为5.77%,而据Framingham研究数据显示60~64岁普通人群房颤年化发生率仅为0.55%[22],伊布替尼相关性房颤发生率是普通人群的10倍,且高于接受其他治疗方案的肿瘤患者。
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伊布替尼(PCI-32765)是BTK抑制剂,而BTK作为TEC激酶家族的一员,是B细胞信号通路识别/黏附的关键酶,其与BTK第481号半胱氨酸共价结合抑制细胞外信号调节激酶1信号通路/NF-κB/磷酸胞嘧啶鸟嘌呤介导的细胞增殖/肿瘤细胞迁移等多个信号通路。伊布替尼致心律失常除了抑制心脏BTK信号通路外,其对TEC激酶家族具有同样的抑制作用。
Julie R. McMullen等研究发现BTK和TEC在心脏组织中均高表达,与窦律相比,房颤条件下表达水平明显升高(P<0.05),提示BTK和TEC在房颤的发生过程中扮演了重要的角色[23]。由BTK和TEC调控的信号通路中,PI3K-Akt被认为是房颤发生病理生理过程中的关键信号通路,在小鼠动物实验中降低PI3K表达,房颤易感性明显升高,且心房增大和纤维化程度增加[24];这个研究中还观察了行心脏外科手术患者左心耳中PI3K的表达水平,房颤患者PI3K表达水平较窦律患者明显降低(P<0.05)[24]。
PI3K-Akt信号通路还对调控了离子通道的功能,Yang T等人研究发现伊布替尼抑制PI3K后,晚钠电流增强,进而延长心脏动作电位时程,早期和延迟后除极易感性增加,从而导致心肌细胞自律性增加[25]。Jiang L等[26]在C57BI/6小鼠中研究中伊布替尼治疗4周后,房颤发生率升高,持续时间延长,左房体积增加;Ca2+瞬变振幅降低,肌浆网Ca2+降低,自发性Ca2+释放增加,从而使延迟后除极增加,从而导致心房肌细胞自律性增加,该研究中亦发现RyR2磷酸化水平增加,可能与PI3K-Akt参与的离子通道磷酸化相关。
我们在伊布替尼相关房颤患者中发现左上肺静脉和右上肺静脉自发早搏,且不应期显著缩短,从临床电生理角度与基础研究相互印证。但我们并未发现左心房纤维化程度加重,离子通道参与的心肌自律性增加可能是该类房颤发生的始动因素,心房纤维化重构是影响房颤维持和影响预后的关键因素。
抗心律失常药物是伊布替尼相关房颤的首选或最常使用的治疗方案,伊布替尼主要通过细胞色素P450 CYP3A和CYP2D6代谢[27],是影响其疗效和心脏毒性的关键酶,与部分抗心律失常药物存在相互作用(表2),部分药物在增强伊布替尼治疗作用的同时,促心律失常作用可能同时增加,降低了抗心律失常药物的应用价值,在临床中优选β受体阻滞剂,IC类药物等作为房颤的抗心律失常药物。
伊布替尼相关房颤的抗凝治疗面临挑战,伊布替尼抑制血小板整合素αIIbβ3信号通路,导致不稳定血栓形成发生率增加,且增加了出血风险[28]。在抗凝决策中出血风险不容忽视。部分新型口服抗凝药与伊布替尼之间亦存在相互影响(表2),在抗凝决策中亦应予充分考虑。
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伊布替尼相关房颤发生率高,影响伊布替尼在临床中的应用,其发生机制尚未完全阐明,伊布替尼与多种抗心律失常药物和抗凝药物之间存在相互作用,对临床管理提出挑战。β受体阻滞剂可作为室率控制的一线用药;使用新型口服抗凝药物前应充分评估血栓和出血风险,并将药物相互作用纳入评估范畴,确定合适剂量。伊布替尼所致房颤的管理尚无更多试验证据和临床经验可遵循,亟须更多的基础和临床研究。B4P帝国网站管理系统
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